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Judo is a Japanese martial art whose name is formed from words meaning gentle and way, reflecting its emphasis on technique over brute force. The International Judo Federation explains that the discipline focuses on balance, leverage, and efficient movement. Encyclopedia Britannica notes that Judo was developed by Jigoro Kano in the late nineteenth century as a modernized system derived from older jujitsu schools. Smithsonian Magazine's coverage of Japanese martial traditions also highlights its philosophical focus on controlled redirection rather than direct strength. Sources: (International Judo Federation, Encyclopedia Britannica, Smithsonian Magazine)

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The song called "Saturday in the Park" by Chicago describes several crowd activities such as people dancing, people talking, and people reaching during a lively afternoon scene. Chicago's official site explains that Robert Lamm wrote the track after observing celebrations in Central Park. Encyclopedia Britannica identifies the band's brass driven sound as central to the energetic atmosphere portrayed in this recording. Documentation from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame notes that Chicago often used everyday urban imagery in their songs, and the lyrics for this track do not reference any form of running. Sources: (Chicago Official Website, Encyclopedia Britannica, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame)

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Oniomania refers to compulsive purchasing behavior, described in clinical literature as a strong urge to buy items regardless of need. Medical reviews from Cleveland Clinic note that this condition centers on repeated shopping episodes used to reduce stress or create excitement. Additional references from Mayo Clinic and Britannica describe it as a pattern of excessive buying that interferes with daily life and financial stability. Sources: (Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Encyclopedia Britannica)

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Before 2021, the World Meteorological Organization instructed that the Greek alphabet be used after the primary tropical storm name list was depleted. WMO documentation explains that this backup system existed because unusually active seasons could exceed the standard list. Reviews from NOAA and the National Hurricane Center noted that the Greek alphabet sometimes created naming confusion, leading to its discontinuation in 2021. Sources: (World Meteorological Organization, National Hurricane Center, NOAA)

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The character popularly known as the Soup Nazi is identified as Yev Kassem during the series finale of the television show "Seinfeld". NBC's production archives confirm the name's appearance when the character returns for the courtroom sequence. Britannica's overview of the series notes the finale's role in bringing back several earlier characters for closure. The Paley Center for Media's documentation of the series also references this final reveal of the character's full name. Sources: (NBC Archives, Encyclopedia Britannica, The Paley Center for Media)

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The film adapts its core storyline from the Hindu text known as the Bhagavad Gita, which presents a dialogue on duty and spiritual understanding. Scholars and film historians point out that the mentor figure in the movie parallels the spiritual guide Krishna, while the golfer mirrors the warrior Arjuna. Multiple analyses note that the narrative structure closely follows the Gita's themes of moral struggle and clarity of purpose. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, Library of Congress, American Film Institute)

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F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote the line about second acts in an unfinished work eventually titled "The Last Tycoon," which remained incomplete at the time of his death. Biographical records show that he died in 1940 at age 44 while working in Hollywood. Major literary archives confirm the authorship of the line and document the circumstances of his early death. Sources: (Library of Congress, National Endowment for the Humanities, Encyclopedia Britannica)

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The original 1959 Barbie doll was introduced wearing a zebra striped swimsuit, a design intended to reflect contemporary fashion modeling. Mattel's early product materials describe the outfit as a deliberate choice to present Barbie as an adult fashion figure rather than a children's character. Museum archives and historical catalog records consistently identify this swimsuit as the defining attire of Barbie's launch. Sources: (Mattel Archives, National Museum of American History, Encyclopedia Britannica)

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The Trammps emerged from the Philadelphia soul scene in the early 1970s and became known for their energetic vocal style and rhythm driven arrangements. Their song "Disco Inferno" gained wider recognition after it appeared on the soundtrack for the 1977 film "Saturday Night Fever," which helped amplify the commercial rise of disco. Archival music studies note that the track's extended groove and call and response structure made it a defining example of dance music from that era. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, Library of Congress National Recording Registry, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame)

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The Maori have long relied on the sweet potato, known as kumara, as a primary staple crop in traditional Polynesian agriculture. Archaeological and botanical studies show that kumara was cultivated across New Zealand centuries before European contact. Research institutions emphasize that its ability to grow in cooler climates made it essential to Maori food systems. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage)

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Francium is recognized as the last element discovered in nature, identified in 1939 by Marguerite Perey. Other element naming proposals such as virginium and moldavium were connected to later synthetic discoveries, not naturally occurring elements. Scientific archives confirm that no additional element found in nature has been identified since francium's discovery. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, Royal Society of Chemistry, Los Alamos National Laboratory)

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Snap Inc. announced an AI Studio in 2024 designed to let creators and partners build customized AI chatbots for their Snapchat communities. Company statements described the studio as part of a broader push to integrate conversational AI features directly into the platform. Reporting from major financial and technology outlets confirmed that this rollout expanded earlier AI experiments into a dedicated creation tool accessible to approved creators. Sources: (Snap Inc. Newsroom, Reuters, CNBC)

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Willis Reed became the first NBA player to earn the league MVP award, the Finals MVP award and the All-Star Game MVP award in the same season during 1969-70. NBA archival summaries confirm that his performance established the first recorded instance of a player securing all three honors in one campaign. Historical listings from the league document the awards as part of an exceptional season for Reed. Sources: (NBA Archives, Basketball Hall of Fame, Encyclopedia Britannica)

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Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country whose modern borders were defined under French colonial rule before gaining independence in 1960. Its current name, adopted in 1984, combines words from the Mossi and Dioula languages meaning land of upright people. The country's economy relies heavily on agriculture, especially cotton production, along with significant gold mining activity. Government and geographic references describe Ouagadougou as its administrative and cultural center, reflecting the country's central role in regional West African affairs. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, CIA World Factbook, United Nations Statistics Division)

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James McNeill Whistler created the portrait known as "Whistler's Mother," formally titled Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1. Art historical records show that the painting was completed in 1871 and has become one of the most recognized American artworks of the nineteenth century. Museum references describe the portrait as an example of Whistler's interest in tonal harmony rather than traditional sentimental portraiture. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Musée d'Orsay)

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The Soyombo emblem appears on the national flag of Mongolia, positioned on the hoist side within a vertical red band. Historical records explain that the symbol serves as a national identifier representing independence and cultural heritage. Comparative analyses of Asian flags verify that South Korea, Nepal, and Laos do not display this emblem on any version of their national flags. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, CIA World Factbook, United Nations Flags and Emblems Archive)

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Historical studies describe the Hittites as the first ancient Near Eastern civilization to develop large scale iron production, a change that helped define the early Iron Age. Archaeological sources show that small amounts of iron were produced earlier in several regions, but not in the quantities associated with Hittite workshops. Research from major institutions notes that Hittite smelting methods played an influential role in spreading ironworking knowledge across surrounding cultures. Sources: (Encyclopedia Britannica, University of Chicago Oriental Institute, Metropolitan Museum of Art)

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The device described in this question is not a catheter because catheters are flexible tubes inserted to drain or infuse fluids directly into body cavities, organs, or major veins without the needle withdrawal method described. Cannulas differ because they are placed using a guiding needle that is removed once the small tube is seated in a peripheral vein. Medical references note that this needle removal step and the purpose of creating short term venous access specifically define cannulas rather than catheters. Sources: (Cleveland Clinic, StatPearls, National Institutes of Health)

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Official Academy award listings confirm that only three male actors have earned exactly three Oscars for acting in the competitive Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories. Walter Brennan won three Best Supporting Actor awards during the late 1930s and early 1940s, as documented in historical Academy records. Jack Nicholson earned two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award, while Daniel Day-Lewis achieved three Best Actor wins according to verified Academy data and major biographical references. Sources: (Oscars.org, Library of Congress, Encyclopedia Britannica)